French Revolution :: essays research papers

     â€Å"What is the finish of our transformation? The peaceful delight in freedom and uniformity; the rule of that unceasing equity, the laws of which are graven, not on marble or stone, however in the hearts of men, even in the core of the slave who has overlooked them, and in that of the dictator who repudiates them.† (Robespiere, On the Principles of Political Morality)  â â â â â€Å"... to stop the political agitation in the inside of France, to check the assaults upon the seat what's more, the special raised area, to restore the lawful force, to reestablish to the lord the security and the freedom of which he is presently denied and to put him in a situation to practice again the genuine power which has a place with him.† ( Duke of Brunswick, Proclamation)      â€Å"The helpless man is better than government and the forces of the world; he should address them as a master.† (Saint-Just, Republican Institutes)      The French Revolution was basically the crucial climax of a rising clash between two restricting originations with regards to the source by which an overseeing state determined its authority. During the late eighteenth century a philosophy complementing reason, opportunity, furthermore, the sway of the regular man developed contrary to the acknowledged authoritative opinions of absolutism and perfect right of the government. As showed inside the three previously mentioned cites, the disparate profundity between these two methods of reasoning of government made a void, one which would at last lead to the French Revolution what's more, adjust the course of Western culture.      Within Robespiere’s quote one can watch the yearnings of the Bourgeoisie and laborer progressives; a perfect society of freedom and uniformity wherein one is as much a subject of the state as the state is a subject of thee. This joining development towards thinking and equity developed from the hypotheses of such progressive scholars as Voltaire, Rousseau, and the Encyclopedists, who introduced a dream of a liberal network with equivalent rights and obligations, wherein reason supplanted the monarch’s guarantee to divine right as a definitive position, and where all men lived in a fellowship. It must be recognized that such impacts as France’s extreme budgetary challenges and the subsequent neediness, worker complaints with so much maltreatment as the seigniorial framework, a feeble and insecure government under Louis XVI, and the cost of supporting Washington’s armed force in the New World all credited to the possible revolt. Be that as it may, it was this new belief system set upon uniformity, equity and opportunity, a philosophy further energized by a portion of the thoughts that French warriors came back with from America, that was the fundamental cornerstone which prompted the Revolution.

Motorola Mobility/Mgt 521 Essay Example Essay Example

Motorola Mobility/Mgt 521 Essay Example Paper Motorola Mobility/Mgt 521 Essay Introduction Business Analysis Part I †Motorola Mobility MGT/521 University of Phoenix Business Analysis Part I †Motorola Mobility Deciding whether to put resources into Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc. (MMI) requires basic and inventive reasoning. Exploration gives a more prominent comprehension of business drifting with the end goal for partners to settle on taught choices in regards to individual and business speculations. The accompanying entries present section one of a three-section marketable strategy intended to help the creator, a common store director, in settling on a principal speculation choice. A SWOT investigation of Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc. proposes relevant subtleties, including inner and outside stakeholders’ needs, and further giving an extent of financial specialist needs and how they are met by MMI. SWOT Analysis â€Å"SWOT Analysis is a helpful strategy for understanding your Strengths and Weaknesses, and for distinguishing both the Opportunities open to you and the Threats you face† (Mind Tools Ltd, 2011, SWOT Analysis, para. 1). The resulting sections speak to a preview of Motorola Mobility from an inside and outer viewpoint. Qualities Operational proficiency. Ingenious assembling is a fundamental part of an effective activity. Motorola (2011) expressed, â€Å"From the distribution center floor to item conveyance, portability arrangements give access to data progressively and help mechanize activities, at last making a consistent, blunder evidence work environment† (Motorola, 2011, Manufacturing, para. 1). MMI will have no obligation at side project. As indicated by Brand (2011), the disjointing of Motorola’s corporate business divisions, Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions, implies zero obligation for MMI upon advancement. Motorola Mobility/Mgt 521 Essay Body Paragraphs In this way, the recently characterized substance is all the more effortlessly utilized and less slanted to accumulate disadvantageous obligations. A pioneer of mobile phones. †Motorola is a pioneer in the market for wireless advances and has fashioned an immediate way to progress. â€Å"Motorola is one of the pioneers of cell phones, and alongside Nokia and Ericsson it has one of the greatest and most gainful telephone patent portfolios on the planet. † (Barak, 2011, Devices, para. 8). Inventive Products. Motorola Mobility has two of the most logical cell phone items available. A Middle East news entry, Al Bawaba (2011), proposes one driving inventive Motorola item is exceptionally respected in Middle East and Africa: Motorola ATRIXis the world’s most remarkable cell phone with a double center processor that is the quickest yet offered in a cell phone and is intended to basically turn into a user’s essential advanced center point to make, alter and interfac e with archives, media and substance. (para. 7) Weaknesses Weak gainfulness. â€Å"Motorola Mobility Holdings Inc. , spun off in January from Motorola Inc. declined in New York exchanging after the Droid cell phone creator gauge benefit for this quarter and entire year that trailed analysts’ estimates† (Miller, 2011, News, para. 1). While the current budgetary figure is hindered, long haul center around benefit is the key. Poor Customer Service appraisals. Consumer loyalty is a unique part of any business whether the business is corporate, pioneering, or philanthropic. As indicated by Customer Service Scoreboard (2011), an online survey and rating framework, Motorola Customer Service rates a disillusioning score of 36. 33 out of a potential 200. Slack in LTE advancements (4G items). Motorola Mobility is loosen in the creation of LTE advancements, causing a reduction in the company’s pieces of the pie. MMI is as of now moving in the direction of the assembling of licensed silicon for the 4G items in the arrangement. Nonetheless, as indicated by Woyke (2011), the contenders are starting to lead the pack in the LTE advertise. Openings Google to procure Motorola. â€Å"The securing of Motorola Mobility, a committed Android accomplice, will empower Google to supercharge the Android biological system and will improve rivalry in versatile computing† (Google, 2011, Investor Relations, para. ). Consolidating two entrenched elements which supplement each other will demonstrate to upgrade an effectively prospering gathering of innovations at the center of the portable business. Solid interest for Android. â€Å"Arecent report from Nielsenshowed that Android controlled 39% of the residential cell phone showcase, with Apple’s iOS controlling 28%† (Meyer, 2011, Devices, para. 4). The measurements are great for MMI’s existing developments and are associated to increment with the deals with the up and coming arrangement. Extend ing cell phone arrangement. Atrix, Droid X2, Droid Bionic, Droid 2 Global, and Photon 4G are five Android-based cell phones Motorola has in the setup with the possibility to commend the Google’s obtaining of Motorola Mobility (International Business Times, 2011, para. 2-8 ). With the present interest for the Android stage and innovations in the portable field, the five prospective Motorola cell phones are relied upon to work up the serious market. Dangers Competitive Pressure. As indicated by a present Yahoo Finance posting of a Dow and Nasdaq report, Motorola Mobility’s essential contenders are Apple, Cisco Systems, and Nokia (Yahoo! Fund, 2011). As the interest for considerably progressively upgraded advancements become more noteworthy, Motorola Mobility will likewise discover a need to remain in front of the current contenders, however rivals really taking shape. Pending US prosecution. Motorola is in a longstanding force battle against a few top organizations in th e portable innovation and hardware industry. Google procured three pending US cases alongside the securing of MMI. As indicated by United States’ driving patent law blog Patently-O (2011), Google additionally procured anticipating claims with TiVo, Microsoft, and Apple in regards to patent encroachments. Venture Decision The choice to put resources into Motorola Mobility isn't a simple appraisal to make. In any case, as a common store administrator, the good choice depends on the data picked up from the SWOT investigation directed. Inside, MMI is solid with better than expected assembling efficiencies. Moreover, the nature of cell phones made by Motorola essentially praises Google’s existing Android stages. Remotely, with Google’s obtaining of MMI, the business choice to put resources into Motorola Mobility is a safe long haul choice went with just a couple of dangers. Inner and External Stakeholders and Needs Motorola Mobility is a side project organization whi ch isolated from Motorola and afterward converged with Google. Inner partners incorporate both Motorola and Google alongside the representatives, investors, producers, clients, providers, voyaging shoppers and home customers of the creative versatile advancements. Outer partners of MMI incorporate gadget makers, specialist co-ops, online networking, advertisers, publicists and application engineers. Each partner has a need which, in a perfect world, must be met by the coupled association. MMI’s inner partners need expanded deals, prudent supplies, and productive procedures. In any case, outside partners look for proficient and compelling stages and programming so as to utilize the versatile innovations provided. Need Fulfillment and Implications right now, Motorola Mobility is inadequate in gainfulness, however is exceeding expectations with item fabricating efficiencies and procedures. Productivity can be relied upon to increment after some time as the converge with Google b alances out and use the general organization portfolio. Besides, the deals can be relied upon to increment with the presentation of Motorola LTE items once the organization builds up and licenses the novel silicon right now underway. At last, the current Android-based stages Google has just protected are complimentary to Motorola Mobility’s offered items and furthermore the gadgets in the arrangement to be propelled. Then again, one of MMI’s boss central focuses ought to incorporate an objective of improving the nature of administration gave to the customers. Expanded direction time and intelligent preparing would give increasingly included and learned workers. End Motorola Mobility Holdings is presently battling with benefits, client assistance principles, and rivalry; nonetheless, the judgment to put resources into the recently obtained organization is sound paying little heed to the current dangers. As appeared in the gave SWOT investigation, MMI has a few ideal fac tors in the prompt versatile innovation advertise. With MMI’s chronicled wireless quality, current and future advancements, absence of current obligation, late converge with the noticeable Google Company, and ever-developing interest for portable innovation, the choice to contribute stands firm. All things considered, between Motorola nd Google, even the company’s minor defects and outer weights are by and by leveled out and anticipated to remain as such. References Al Bawaba. (2011, February 6). Motorola to feature most impressive creative cell phones. Recovered from http://www. albawaba. com Barak, S. (2011, August 15). Google’s offer for Motorola Mobility †a play for licenses in particular? Recovered from http://siliconvalley. rcrwireless. com Brand, C. (2011, January 11). Motorola Doubles Down on Cell Phones with Mobility Unit Spin-Off, But Should Investors Tread Carefully? Recovered from http://www. peridotcapitalist. om Customer Service Scoreboard. (2 011, September 5). Motorola Customer Service. Recovered from http://www. customerservicescoreboard. com Google. (2011, August 15). Google Investor Relations. Recovered from http://financial specialist. google. com International Business Times. (2011, September 2). Top 5 Android-based Motorola Smartphones That Could Compliment Google-Motorola Deal. Recovered f

Endothelin Essay -- Health

Cardiovascular illness is one of the main passings in the United States. Aspiratory hypertension ailment one kind of cardiovascular sickness that is because of the narrowing of the corridors inside the lungs. At the point when the veins are limited the correct side of the heart can't siphon blood through the lungs, compel start to develop and insufficient oxygen is being gotten, in this manner causing aspiratory hypertension. In the event that there are harms to the endothelium, it can cause this malady since it can deliver more endothelin-1, which is one of the isomer of Endothelin that impact as a vasoconstrictor. Presentation It is imperative to have treatment accessible to patients who experience the ill effects of cardiovascular infections. Since it is one of the main sources of passings in the United States, improving medications will spare numerous lives. In spite of the fact that coronary illness happen more in grown-up patients, there are potential possibilities in which newborn children are influenced by a malady known as the inborn coronary illness. So as to have treatment for quiet with coronary illness, we have to take a gander at the sub-atomic level. Patients were analyzed and archives demonstrated that endothelial injury might be the reason for aspiratory hypertension and other vascular infections. Introduction Endothelin is a 21 amino corrosive polypeptide that has 3 distinctive isoforms which are endothelin-1(ET-1), endothelin-2 (ET-2), and endothelin-3 (ET-3). ET-1 is found principally in the endothelial cell yet is a controller of smooth muscle, heart, and kidney. ET-2 contrasts from ET-1 by 2 amino acids and is additionally found in the heart and kidney. ET-3 varies from ET-1 by 6 amino acids and is created in the focal sensory system like ET-1and in gastrointestinal (1). With looks into, ET-1 is progressively centered around in cardiovascu... ...With various exploratory information on creatures and records of patient with cardiovascular infections, there no precise end made on which receptors enemy may fix the sickness. Preliminaries are expected to decide if ETA/B blockage or just ETA bar is better in the treatment of hypertension or some other vascular malady. Albeit both decline vasoconstriction, potential enemy of endothelin treatment is accessible to patients. Works Cited 1. Agapotiv, Alexei and Haynes, William. â€Å" Role of Endothelin in Cardiovascular Disease.† Journal of Renin0Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, 3.1 (2002): 2-10. . 2. Bohm, Felix and Pernow, John. â€Å"The significance of endothelin-1 for vascular brokenness in cardiovascular disease.† Cardiovascular Research, 76.1 (2007): 8-18. .

Extreme Jealousy in Shakespeares Othello, the Moor of Venice Essay

Extraordinary Jealousy in Othello, the Moor of Venice   â Aristotle's Poetics spread out the meaning of catastrophe: in contrast to parody, the reason for disaster isn't simply to train and enjoyment a group of people. Or maybe, its point is to permit a purifying discharge because of the elevated enthusiastic state brought about by the occasions of the catastrophe. This thought accept that the normal individual can encounter these serious feelings vicariously. In Psyche and Symbol in Shakespeare , Alex Aronson fights that the characters in Shakespearean catastrophe have the ability to influence us since they tap what Carl Jung called the aggregate oblivious , the inescapable, perpetual, and wherever indistinguishable condition or base of the mind fundamentally (14). Othello, the Moor of Venice, endeavors to accomplish the imperative degree of frightening feeling by getting the crowd a display of energetic preposterous envy and the homicide that follows. The dramatist, as indicated by Rolf Soellner, encircled his Moorish general?s fal l regarding Passion warring with Patience (both 'the will' and reasonability of activity) - drawing on the common Senecan and Stoic shows of the florid period in which he was composing (239-58). Tragically, the cutting edge inclination to 'psychoanalyze' the words and activities introduced in Othello lessens the audience?s experience from purifying to figurative. In either case, the Moor?s over-response can be seen as an exercise directing against extravagance in the abundances of feeling without an adjusting raise of poise. As the vast majority of Othello ?s anecdotal characters have been psychoanalyzed in absentia , I planned to locate a sensible mental clarification for Othello?s breakdown. The diary American Imago (helped to establish by Freud) has publ... ...as really such a damaging power.  Works Cited and Consulted Aronson, Alex. Mind and Symbol in Shakespeare . Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1972. Chime, Millicent. ?Othello?s Jealousy.? Yale Review 85 (April 1997): 120-136. Driscoll, James P. Personality in Shakespearean Drama . East Brunswick, NJ: Assoc. UP, 1983. Faber, M. D. ?Othello: Symbolic Action, Ritual and Myth.? American Imago 31 (Summer 1974): 159-205. Holland, Norman N. Therapy and Shakespeare . New York: McGraw, 1966. Kovel, Joel. ?Othello.? American Imago 35 (Spring-Summer 1978): 113-119. Reid, Stephen. ?Othello?s Jealousy.? American Imago 25 ( Fall 1968): 274-293. Shakespeare, William. Complete Works of Shakespeare . Ed. David Bevington. fourth ed. NY: Longman, 1997. Soellner, Rolf. Shakespeare?s Patterns of Self-Knowledge . N.p.: Ohio State UP, 1972.  Extraordinary Jealousy in Shakespeare's Othello, the Moor of Venice Essay Extraordinary Jealousy in Othello, the Moor of Venice   â Aristotle's Poetics spread out the meaning of catastrophe: in contrast to satire, the motivation behind disaster isn't only to train and pleasure a group of people. Or maybe, its point is to permit a cleansing discharge because of the uplifted passionate state brought about by the occasions of the catastrophe. This thought expect that the normal individual can encounter these extraordinary feelings vicariously. In Psyche and Symbol in Shakespeare , Alex Aronson fights that the characters in Shakespearean disaster have the ability to influence us since they tap what Carl Jung called the aggregate oblivious , the ubiquitous, constant, and wherever indistinguishable condition or base of the mind as such (14). Othello, the Moor of Venice, endeavors to accomplish the essential degree of nerve racking feeling by getting the crowd a display of enthusiastic silly envy and the homicide that follows. The dramatist, as indicated by Rolf Soellner, confined his Moorish general?s fall as fa r as Passion warring with Patience (both 'the will' and judiciousness of activity) - drawing on the common Senecan and Stoic shows of the ornate period in which he was composing (239-58). Lamentably, the cutting edge inclination to 'psychoanalyze' the words and activities introduced in Othello lessens the audience?s experience from cleansing to figurative. In either case, the Moor?s over-response can be seen as an exercise directing against extravagance in the abundances of feeling without an adjusting raise of poise. As the greater part of Othello ?s anecdotal characters have been psychoanalyzed in absentia , I would have liked to locate a sensible mental clarification for Othello?s breakdown. The diary American Imago (helped to establish by Freud) has publ... ...as genuinely such a ruinous power.  Works Cited and Consulted Aronson, Alex. Mind and Symbol in Shakespeare . Bloomington, IN: Indiana UP, 1972. Chime, Millicent. ?Othello?s Jealousy.? Yale Review 85 (April 1997): 120-136. Driscoll, James P. Personality in Shakespearean Drama . East Brunswick, NJ: Assoc. UP, 1983. Faber, M. D. ?Othello: Symbolic Action, Ritual and Myth.? American Imago 31 (Summer 1974): 159-205. Holland, Norman N. Therapy and Shakespeare . New York: McGraw, 1966. Kovel, Joel. ?Othello.? American Imago 35 (Spring-Summer 1978): 113-119. Reid, Stephen. ?Othello?s Jealousy.? American Imago 25 ( Fall 1968): 274-293. Shakespeare, William. Complete Works of Shakespeare . Ed. David Bevington. fourth ed. NY: Longman, 1997. Soellner, Rolf. Shakespeare?s Patterns of Self-Knowledge . N.p.: Ohio State UP, 1972. Â

Senior Project Essay Topics That You Should Consider

Senior Project Essay Topics That You Should ConsiderSenior project essay topics in the sciences are definitely some of the more challenging that one can find. Topics that require extensive knowledge of the subject matter can certainly be difficult, as well as topics that require creativity to develop a variety of written works from the beginning to the end.The key to success with a senior project is to consider your topic as an area of strength and build on it from there. While some of the strongest topics are going to be harder to write, they also tend to be areas of weakness and allow for easier tasks to be tackled when dealing with those weaker areas. For example, if you have very strong science skills, but struggle with math, there is no reason why you cannot write about this subject and integrate your strong skills into the essay.Not only can you go into the major topic of your subject without worry of weakness, but you also have the ability to examine the weaknesses of your top ic as you write the essay. You can use this to your advantage to help your essay develop into something that is well-written, easy to read, and of the utmost quality. It can all be done.Even if you feel you have weaknesses in one area, there is no reason to let it rule the entire project. Instead, use it as a means to strengthen your essay, and find a better focus when you have a chance to write the essay all over again. Your weaknesses do not need to hold you back from writing a strong essay, and the project doesn't need to suffer from these weaknesses if you find the will to overcome them.If your weaker areas seem to be areas of difficulty, consider writing more information. Keep the information short and simple, but introduce more details when you get the chance to write again. Doing this is also a great way to see what the weaknesses in your subject area are, and find ways to break down these weaknesses so that they can be overcome. By beginning the process by writing about weak nesses, you will find that the weak areas will gradually become stronger topics, and you can turn your weak topic into a strong topic in the process. Even if the weaknesses remain weaknesses, remember that your weakness is simply a starting point for the project. There is no reason why you should not be able to find a way to write your strongest topic on your strongest area.Just keep in mind that the strengths of your project will also help to develop your project, and can assist you in finding ways to make the weak areas stronger. Finding the strengths is as simple as focusing on what you love and want to do, and finding ways to create those things to work for you. By keeping in mind these topics, you can begin to build upon those areas of weakness, and come up with an amazing article that will provide valuable information to those you write it for.To ensure that your project is a success, always take a moment to consider the strengths of your project. When you have found the stren gths, you can continue to find ways to make your weak areas stronger by focusing on what you love and find to be the weak areas. When you find a way to integrate these strengths into your project, you will have a high-quality essay that can be used by those who are looking for a great resource on their chosen topic.

IMAGE,TEXT And REPRESENTATION Example

IMAGE,TEXT And REPRESENTATION Example IMAGE,TEXT And REPRESENTATION â€" Essay Example > Question 1: Reporting Gender and PoliticsUsing the examples in attachment #1 (or two other recent [i. e. 2007] news report if you prefer) discuss how gender is used to frame political issues and politicians. Overall, gender is used equally in framing political issues and discussing politicians in the news report of newspapers The Age and The Daily Telegraph regarding the bid of former journalist Maxine Mckew to dislodge Australian Prime Minister James Howard from his post this coming election. The news reports showed an equal representation of gender in its delivery of information regarding the outlooks of the subjects and other politicians mentioned regarding political race, issues relevant to governance and perception of electorates towards political issues particularly in the area of Bennelong, Australia. There is no apparent sexist representation in the reports provided by the two newspapers in illustrating the views of Maxine Mckew for electoral office as well as the response s from Australian Prime Minister James Howard on the issue of her running for office in his own place of representation. The reports mainly veered away from media stereotypes of women in politics which usually put them as second only to men’s status. Here a woman is represented as a dominant character challenging a political power that happens to be of an opposite gender. In doing so she has earned the support of male politicians who are also domineering figures in the political arena. Veering from stereotyping of women in these reports supports the clamour of feminist group for media to be socially responsible in depicting women away from the stereotypes of victims, mothers and homemakers. Gaye Tuchman describes this as the concept of symbolic annihilation to the traditional way of how media condemn, trivialize and exclude women in political issues and as politicians (Pantti, n.d. ). The symbolic image that news reports portray the key role of a woman in challenging man’s poli tical position which is considered powerful draws a significant change in how media traditionally portray women in politics. It further shows the strength of a woman by using the word “audacity” in Mckew’s challenging Prime Minister Howard for his political position. This signifies the prominent role of a woman to have the strength to challenge such political power. However, there was a trace of gender bias in the report of the Daily Telegraph in influencing a segment of the voters to support the bid to dislodge Prime Minister Howard from his political position. It manifest in the report where an interview with insider from Labor Political Party shared views that Maxine Mckew’s running for office will get the votes of educated women opposing the current government’s political stand related to the occupation of Iraq. It showed that gender is represented as an alternative for political change to oppose macho stand on certain political issue like the invasion of Iraq. This was supported by Shelly Savage’s review of Julie Baird’s book Media Tarts where she argued that “women in Australian politics have punched above their weight, gaining additional media attention on the strength of their novelty value and because of the hyper-enthusiastic quest for a woman prime minister” (2005). She further shared that women politicians are considered credible political opponents not because of their gender but due to the fact that they threaten votes away from their political rivals. This factor has been acknowledged by Labor insiders from the news report of The Daily Telegraph.

Analysis of A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway - Free Essay Example

Ernest Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place has been judged by scholars for over 60 years (Ryan). Hemingways short story was revised in 1965, when it was re-published in the short story collection Winner Take Nothing, a few months after from when its original text was published in Scribners Magazine (Ryan). The controversy surrounds an ostensible inconsistency and the idea of intentional ambiguity, which confuses the reader as to which character is saying what. The difference went unnoticed for over twenty-six years until 1959, when it was brought to the light with articles by F.P. Kroeger and William Colburn (Ryan). Scribner perceived this as a typographical error when he amended the story. There have been conflicts from both sides of those who believe the emendation is valid, providing sensical metronomic order, and those who favor the original text, for Hemingway purposely using a deliberate device of ambiguity, which his previous stories are familiar with. Ken Ryan argues against the emendation stating that the emendation is not valid and should be retracted. Ryan states the importance of understanding the substantial evidence to recognize the conditions that must exist before any authors work can rightfully be considered for emendation. I agree with Ryans argument about the three main points on why the emendation is invalid. To begin with, no typographical error was made, the inconsistency is critical to the effect sought by Hemingway, Hemingway was proud of the original, leading to the invalidation of the overall emendation. The untagged dialogue, and lack of obvious plot has the qualities of becoming greater with ambiguity. There is no significant evidence that leads us to believe that his inconsistency was an error. David Kerner points out that genuine dialogue is not uniformly metronomic, he then gives the example from that of a tennis match (Kerner). I agree with this statement because in a natural conversation, it does not happen consistently. Kerner then states that Literacy conventions after all, are not laws. Although most authors consistently indented in their dialogue to indicate a new speaker, that doesnt mean writers must always follow this guideline. Perhaps, this perceived error was merely a deliberate device to strengthen the story. Hemingway himself approved of the inconsistency in the print saying that it all continued to make perfect sense to him. I believe that these so called conventional guidelines are not to decide the articulation of the author and his/her choice of direction. About Hemingway, his consent of the original text communicates thereof the emendation is a disservice to his rights as the author. The emendation may be injudicious to some, but that fact remains that it exists and has already officially been published. As mentioned previously by Ryan, a retraction of the emendation should surely restore the originality of the story as well as the authors imperfected conventions. The original text allows the reader to get involved and discover for themselves the dialogue that goes with the identities of each waiter. Towards the end of the story, the older waiter finds himself sitting at the bar, emulating the old man. In his monologue, the old waiter stresses the word nada meaning nothing.

Relevance Of Hofstedes Model In Current Scenario - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3280 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Hofstedes model is well known as a significant standard to distinguish different cultures in the field of business. With the rise in globalization of businesses, many people are working with, or managing, individuals and groups from cultures other than their own. Due to many criticisms of Hofstedes cultural model, this paper has analysed, to an extent, the effectiveness of Hofstedes model in the current business scenario. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relevance Of Hofstedes Model In Current Scenario" essay for you Create order The paper has critically evaluated the models five dimensions on the basis of two main aspects i.e. the biasness and the validity with respect to time. Firstly, this paper analyses the impact of subcultures within a national territory and how Hofstedes model ignores that aspect. The report has explained, with the help of examples, how within a country there are different subcultures which impacts peoples personality and behavior. The model can be said outdated since some countries are no more in existence and there are some countries that did not exist at the time of the survey. The number of respondents that were surveyed by Hofstede is also an issue as it wasnt in any particular pattern or balance. Moreover, Hofstede used a single company as a base of his survey for the cultures of the world. The report has put forward criticisms on Hofstedes model and has concluded that his model still might be useful to managers on a very basic level, depending on the purpose of usage, but it may not be of any use at all in the near future. Considering these problems, suggestions have been made on how culture could have been analyzed by Hofstede or how it can be studied for the future. Table of content Executive Summary Table of contents Table of figures 1 Introduction 1 2 HofstedeÂÂ ´s Methodology 2 3 Critical Analysis of HofstedeÂÂ ´s Model 3 3.1 National Culture vs. Sub-culture 3 3.2 Geographical Location 4 3.3 Language and Number of Respondents 6 3.4 Single Entity 7 3.5 Cultural Evolution 8 3.6 Validity of the Surveys 9 4 Conclusion 9 5 Recommendations 11 Appendix 12 Bibliography 16 Table of figures Table 1: Comparison between Australia and Indonesia in HofstedeÂÂ ´s model 4 Table 2: Working days lost in industrial disputes per 1000 employees 8 Relevance of Hofstedes Model in the Current Scenario In the beginning of our assignment, we want the reader to understand implications of cultures along with Hofstedes points and methodology. Following this, we will evaluate critically the arguments made by Hofstede and his research methodology. Finally, we will state our conclusion and some recommendations about future cultural research. Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and often disaster. (Hofstede, no date; cited in Itim, 2009, a). 1. Introduction There is no universal definition of culture. According to Hornby (2009), cultures are customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country and group. From the statement, we understand that there are several things that affect cultures. Culture plays an important role in understanding people traits. People from different regions have different ways of living; this includes business. Therefore, it is important to understand the traits of people from different cultures in order to make business more effective and efficient. A Dutch researcher, Geert Hofstede initially came up with a cultural model in which he continued to develop (Mead and Andrews, 2010). This model was attained by distributing questionnaires to IBM employees in 66 different countries. The survey was conducted in 1967 and 1973; and he came up with four main dimensions (McSweeney, 2002, a). Power Distance It is the extent to which people can accept and expect the unequal distri bution of power. Uncertainty Avoidance It is to measure how people from different countries can endure ambiguity and contingency. Individualism vs. Collectivism It is the degree whether people in a particular country are more likely to be associated with a group or more individualists. Masculinity vs. Femininity It is the classification of people residing in particular country as to whether they are more focused on success or on harmony and peace. But then later on Hofstede came up with a final dimension: Long term orientation vs. Short term orientation Not as commonly used as the earlier dimensions, it considers temporal orientation towards life (Mead and Andrew, 2010). This assignment will now critically evaluate whether Hofstedes model is dated and biased and to what extent it is of use to the contemporary business executives. 2. Hofstedes Methodology Hofstedes cultural model is widely used for cross cultural research by international companies and corporations (Jones, 2007). As mentioned above, Hofstede distributed 117,000 questionnaires to IBM employees from 66 different countries. Initially, the questionnaires were made in English but then due to translation problems, the questionnaires were subsequently translated into local languages. Hofstede involved only one company IBM- which he called HERMESÂÂ ´ as IBM was not comfortable with its identity being made public. The research was done on employees solely from sales and marketing departments of IBM. The reason why Hofstede chose IBM as the single company was because of homogeneous corporate and occupational culture (McSweeney, 2002, a). According to Hofstede IBM has a strong corporate culture and the purpose of his survey was to analyse the traits, characteristics, and behaviors of people from different countries (Hofstede, 2001). He basically relates a selection of so cietal characteristics (for example, GNP, economic growth, latitude of the capital city, population size) to each of the four indices. His main method of use was the stepwise regression. Finally he uses his ecological findings to predict individual behavior (Robinson, 1983). 3. Critical Analysis of Hofstedes Model Many researchers have argued on Hofstedes methodology and findings. In the following paragraphs some examples of criticisms will be evaluated. 3.1 National Culture vs. Sub-culture Hofstede argues that every national population shares common culture despite of acknowledging that it is not the only culture or totality of cultures. Culture is territorially unique (McSweeney, 2002, a). For example: India and China are very vast countries which have many subcultures depending on the geographical locations. Hofstede has taken these countries as a single entity, which means that every Indian and Chinese, regardless of which part of the country they come from, have similar cultures, which is not correct. He also considers Great Britain as a single entity, whilst it is actually comprised of different nations. Does this mean that people from England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have single national culture? Studies have shown that compared to these three countries, Wales has the most diverse population in terms of individuals born outside the country. (Drinkwater and Blackaby, 2004). This influences individuals personal traits. From these points, we can stat e that Hofstede is biased, as he considered the country as a single entity regardless of different regions within the country. To strengthen the above argument, OLeary and Levinson (1991, as cited in Baskerville, 2003) stated that culture cannot be equated with nations. For instance in Africa 98 different cultures exist in 48 countries, whereas Western Europe has 81 identified cultures in 32 countries. In North America, 147 native cultures are recognized. Wildavsky (1989, as cited in Baskerville, 2003) also mentioned that cultures are not countries and there are many different cultures within the same country. 3.2 Geographical Location As a result of globalization and advancement in technology, Hofstedes model is dated. Nowadays, people have become more mobile. Hofstede model fails to identify those people; for example: people who were born in Indonesia but spent most of their lives in Australia. This can be disastrous for international managers as people from Indonesia and Australia have different cultures and behaviors. According to the model, Australians are very individualist, masculine and have low power distance whereas Indonesians are very collectivist, feminine and have high power distance (refer table 1) (Brewster et. al., 2007). Reliance solely on Hofstedes model may misguide international managers in working with personnel of such mobile backgrounds. Table 1: Comparison between Australia and Indonesia in HofstedeÂÂ ´s model (as cited in Jones, 2007) Another example is Hitler who was born in Austria and moved to Germany as an adult. According to Hofstede, Austria has very low power distance and high on uncertainty avoidance (Brewster et. al., 2007). However, Hitler was very dominant person by nature and he believed in the idea of dictatorship (McSweeney, 2002, a). Hitlers personality was contrary to the Austrian culture. Another case where Hofstede has ignored this aspect is that people in Hong Kong and the majority of people in Singapore are Chinese, but Hofstede explains their power distances using different explanations. The higher power distance values for Hong Kong and Singapore are because of the fact that they were a part of the British colony. The British did not practice equality values between themselves and the colonised population (Yeh, 1988). The model is out-dated because it still has Yugoslavia, whereas in present world the country does not exist anymore. The country has been di vided into Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Croatia and Macedonia. Also, the survey was conducted when Germany was still split up into two different countries (Cahill, 2007). Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia have been ignored in Hofstedes cultural research and are still treated as a forecourt of Russia. Many publications consider them as a common block, not only because of their geographical proximity and location but also because they were all a part of Russia when the research was held. A very small number of scholars focus on cultural differences among former Soviet-Union states and/or CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) countries (Vadi and Meri, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Latvia looks westwards to Sweden and Germany, to continue its traditional ties (Manning and Poljeva, 1999 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede has noted that the national culture of a particular country is the dominant mental program, which is predominant (Romm and Hsu, 2003 as cit ed in Huettinger, 2008). Several studies have proven that nations are significant cultural institutions on their own (Smith and Peterson, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede also defines culture as, the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from another (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005 as cited in Huettinger, 2008). We can clearly see that Hofstedes model is dated regarding this aspect, and perhaps even biased, as he considers them as one culture whereas he might not have had anyone from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in his studies. The Chinese are very proud and loyal people. Their loyalties lie with their families and less so to non-family organizations. The Japanese, however, do not have any problems with shifting their loyalties from their family to their work place. Thus, even though both Chinese and Japanese have low individualism, the systems are very different. From a societal or the firms perspective, the Chinese are very individualistic. Which are in contrast to Hofstedes findings for Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, where the majority of people living are also originally Chinese (Chen and Chieu, 1984 as cited in Yeh, 1988). Furthermore, even the meaning of the word household is quite different between Japan and China. Chinese people face problems when they have to show their loyalties to the company and their family at the same time, whereas this conflict does not exist in Japan. Hofstedes argument is that Mao Zedongs anti-individualistic or pro-collectivistic ethos is evidence of the deeply rooted Chinese tradition. This on the contrary was one of the reasons why MaoÂÂ ´s Cultural Revolution failed. The tradition of the family coming first is deeply rooted in the Chinese society (Yeh, 1988), where Hofstedes studies have not considered the Chinese majority countries having any ties with china. 3.3 Language and Number of Respondents Initially, there were problems in understanding the questionnaires as it was written in English. However, later the questionnaires were translated into the relevant local languages and redistributed, again to the same employees of the HERMES company to conduct the survey again. Differences in translation of language can be minimized but not completely eliminated, as some words cannot have the exact same meanings in the local language. For example: the word achievement is difficult to be translated, and was therefore avoided (Hofstede, 2001). He used 362 managers with different backgrounds from 30 different countries to respond to the questionnaires. Whilst the managers received and answered the questionnaires in their own native languages so as to avoid mistranslation in interpreting the data. The result was similar to the result of questionnaires written in English (Hofstede, 2001, 2002). However, the number of respondents representing a country is small. . The use of questionn aires had also been doubted. Hofstede used 117,000 questionnaires for 66 countries. A large number of respondents itself does not guarantee the validity of the result, as the average number of respondents he obtained per country is not statistically significant so as to be reflective of a whole country. Out of 66 countries only six countries have respondents more than 1000; others were less than 200. This numbers are too small to represent a country (McSweeney, 2002, a). According to McSweeney (2002, a), the survey covered 66 countries but Hofstede only used data obtained from 40 countries. But if we look at Hofstedes model, he has used 53 countries in the table (Brewster et. al., 2007). Therefore, should the data for the 13 countries mentioned in the model be questioned? 3.4 Single Entity The survey was conducted on a single company, IBM; and the data which he used for his analysis was based on responses from marketing plus sales executives. Hofstede argued that it was deliberate. Hofstede believes that by this, he will get data from people who has homogeneous corporate and occupational culture; therefore, the difference he gets was due to national culture. Based on Hofstedes argument, we can say that every German machinist has the same occupational culture with every Greek machinist; which might not be true. Hofstede also has ignored dissenting, multiple, and emergent cultures in organization which are plausible to occur due to local circumstances. The survey should have involved people with different backgrounds and different companies; as IBM only deals with the service industry. For example: tennis clubs, political parties, students, manufacturing companies should be considered. This is also pointed out by Tan and Chee (2005) as people are exposed to different h eritages, customs, religions and traditions which are deeply embedded within them (as cited in Huettinger, 2008). Hofstede did not differentiate these diverse groups. 3.5 Cultural Evolution Ten years after his first publication, Hofstede agreed that there are considerable differences in culture among different units within the same organization (as cited in McSweeney, 2002, a). This means that over the years, cultures evolve and there are differences in occupational culture within a company and its subsidiaries. Thus, Hofstedes research was biased, as only those from the marketing and sales department were surveyed. Table 2: Working days lost in industrial disputes per 1000 employees (annual averages) (McSweeney, 2002, b) The table shows that masculine countries have become more feminine and vice versa. The world is now converging due to globalization; individualism and collectivism orientation can co-exist in every individual depending on the situation. The situations will influence the orientation, for example: importance of the matter, urgency, etc. (Browaeys and Price, 2008). We can say that Hofstede model is outdated, as cultures do change over the years. Hofstedes model uses a quantitative method which, among other things, is characterized by its carefully selected sample consisting of a group of well-educated white middle class men working for the same company and sharing identical or similar occupations. The problem with this sample as a norm for national culture is that it misleads one to believe that Hofstede perceives of culture as equally-distributed among men and women. However, as has dedicated one of his five dimensions to gender and constructed his model on a bipolar distinction between masculinity and femininity, this is clearly not the case. On the contrary, his masculinity/femininity dimension (MAS) shows that he has a very clear and distinct understanding of the differences between masculinity and femininity, which he takes advantage of for his construction of national cultures. Hofstede argues that men, as a general rule, will be more achievement-oriented and women more care-oriented. Hofstedes assumption raises several questions; for example, for what reason(s) were women excluded from his survey and his construction of culture (Moulettes, 2007)? 3.6 Validity of the Surveys The validity of the surveys can be questioned. Hofstede used questionnaires as his methods of survey and sent them to different countries. Hofstede cannot guarantee that the person who filled the questionnaires is actually his target respondents. For example, the target respondents might be busy or reluctant to fill the questionnaires and may instead delegate the task to their subordinates. Questionnaires were also mainly about the workplace and therefore, cannot be related to define a national culture (McSweeney, 2002, a). There are many factors that may have affected the respondents and the way they complete the questionnaires which have not been taken into consideration. Also, that the respondents had not been told about the purpose of the questionnaire and hence they might not have been able to fill the questionnaire with the seriousness or the attitude required or expected and assumed by Hofstede. 4. Conclusion This paper has provided a critical evaluation of Geerts Hofstedes ground-breaking work on cross-cultural differences. In the field of international business, cross-cultural conflict can result in includes international business activities, business management failure and stalled business negotiations. Understanding diverse cultural values is an essential success factors in international business activities. Cultural values and differences are a pivotal issue in international business for all stakeholders. Influenced by politics, society economics and technology, cultural values are constantly evolving, and therefore it is logical that cultural theories should be updated and re-evaluated over time. Now to conclude and come up with an answer to HofstedeÂÂ ´s model is dated and biased and, as such, is of no use to the contemporary international business executive. How far do you agree? We cannot say that Hofstedes model is completely ineffective as we cannot quantify the matte r. Nevertheless, he should be appreciated for his contribution work in this field. HofstedeÂÂ ´s model might be valid in past decades when the world was less globalized. International business executives may use the model to investigate cultural differences and how different cultures impact on international business. Hofstedes research results represent a reasonable starting point, however it is outdated and biased for the current international business scenario. As such, we should utilize the model with caution, since these results are not very accurate. International managers should not fully depend on the model for the simple reason that Hofstede uses a mere generalization, and huge multinationals cannot go into a market just on the basis of a simplification. He also claimed that his research on IBMÂÂ ´s employees can be used as a benchmark for all kinds of people around the world, without considering other companies, societal clubs, etc.. Moreover, he thinks that his proposal is still up to date due to the fact that he did not work on it if even countries later separated. The world today is now converging to have a global culture. In the near future, Hofstedes model may be of no use at all. In conclusion, HofstedeÂÂ ´s cultural model is dated and biased. 5. Recommendations Study of culture should not be based on national territory but it should be on regions. As we discussed there are many sub-cultures within a national culture. As the world is globalizing rapidly, it is essential to have a cultural model that is constantly updated to reflect these changes caused by globalization. The survey should also involve people from diverse range of social and employment classes so as to be more representative of a culture. China, an emerging economic super power, has not been considered by HofstedeÂÂ ´s five dimensions. Therefore we would recommend that the Chinese market needs to be considered in future research more thoroughly. Appendix 1 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Individualism vs. Collectivism (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 2 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Power Distance (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 3 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Uncertainty Avoidance (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007) Appendix 4 HofstedeÂÂ ´s: Masculinity vs. Femininity (as cited in Brewster et. al., 2007)

Should Marijuana Legalization Be Legal - 1532 Words

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Job Satisfaction as a Criterion for Establishing the...

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After considering how the project should be completed, next step is establishing the project initiation team which consists of an initial core of project team members and these members are responsible for assisting in obtaining initial tasks of the project. Finally, establishing the project initiation plan is to identify required works and to assign appr opriate tasks to each member within group to accomplish the project.

Chapter 5 Quickbooks Key Free Essays

Peterson is a manufacturer of industry-leading Whole Tree Chippers and Debarkers, Horizontal Grinders, and Blower Trucks and Trailers. Peterson Pacific Corp. has been an Oregon Corporation since 1981. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 Quickbooks Key or any similar topic only for you Order Now The company began as Wilbur Peterson amp; Sons, a heavy construction company. Peterson expanded into manufacturing to develop equipment to suit their land clearing/construction needs. A portable chain flail Delimber-Debarker was designed first, the Model DD 4800. The Model DDC 5000, a portable Delimber-Debarker-Chipper, was developed next followed by the development of other portable equipment for the paper pulp industry. The A/P Clerk is responsible for the entire accounts payable function, petty cash management, and other accounting activities. ESSENTIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: †¢Represents Peterson in a positive and professional manner at all times. †¢Matching receiving and PO documents to vendor invoices. †¢Verifying amp; investigating discrepancies of PO/invoice/receivers. †¢Price, units, terms, extensions †¢Maintain A/P tub file, vendor master files amp; all A/P filing records amp; reports. †¢Maintain Dynamics maintenance (Qtrly) amp; history purge. Maintain/manage A/P check stock amp; safepay (positive pay) transmittals. †¢Generate and distribute checks. †¢Maintain amp; file batch postings, transaction amp; check run postings †¢Accrue A/P at month end. †¢Posting A/P transactions to general ledger daily. †¢Generating A/P reports for month-end including A/P detail aging and year-end (including 1099’s). †¢Process A/P Invoice Discrepancies forms. REQUIREMENTS: †¢Systems oriented (Microsoft GreatPlains Dynamics, Max Exact MRP, Excel, Word for Windows desired). †¢Minimum 3 years of previous A/P experience. Ability to handle high transactional volume workload †¢Strong interpersonal skills (interfaces with vendors and internal departments). †¢Detail and procedural oriented †¢Accurate †¢Ability to calculate figures and amounts such as discounts, interest, commissions, proportions, percentages. Ability to apply concepts of basic algebra and geometry. Emphasis placed on accuracy in transposing and accounting calculations. †¢Ability to understand basic accounting relationships between Assets, Liabilities and Equity. †¢Strong problem solving skills Strong filing and organizational skills †¢Communications Skills: Must be able to demonstrate skill in communicating with supervisors and co-workers. Must express criticisms ;amp; concerns in a way that promotes teamwork and a positive work environment. †¢Must be able to understand and maintain strict confidentiality For more information, or to apply now, please go to the website below. Please do not email your resume to us as we only accept applications through our website. http://peterson. iapplicants. com/ViewJob-360933. html How to cite Chapter 5 Quickbooks Key, Papers

The Romeo and Juliet play Essay Example For Students

The Romeo and Juliet play Essay The Romeo and Juliet play is both a big tragedy and love play, a quote from the prologue to prove is both a tragedy and love play is .The fearful passage of their death markd love. The three conventions of all tragedies including Romeo and Juliet is death ad suffering, fate is always involved and there is always hope at the end. The first convention I will be talking about death and suffering, act 3 scene 1 is a good example of death and suffering, for example a quote tybalt and mercutio fight, mercutio is killed romeo then draws and tybalt id killed In this play Romeo and Juliet a few characters die including the main lovers Romeo and Juliet. Secondly, fate always intervenes; Romeo and Juliet is a perfect match at the party on act 1 scene 5, when Romeo sees Juliet for the first time (love at first sight) and he cant help love Juliet. As Romeo says in the play for I neer saw true beauty till this night Lastly is that tragedy always offers hope at the end of the play. From the huge tragedy death of Romeo and Juliet all hope went down for Juliet they both killed each other over there love and there families curse of friendship, on act 5 scene 3 the two families end this evil curse of the families Capulet and the Montagues. As they said O, brothers give thy hand At the end of this entire romantic, tragedy and all wrapped up with two star cross lovers, I can clearly say this is obviously a love and tragedy love story. I think that act 1 scene 5 is obviously the most important and romantic scenes in the whole play. The importance of this scene leads to a huge tragedy and sadness at the end of the play. Firstly when Romeo gatecrashes the party and then suddenly Tybalt sets eyes on Romeo and swears revenge on him to set foot in the house of a Montague. As Tybalt swore in the play this intrusion shall now seeming, sweet, convert to bitterest gall. The revenge that tybalt takes all leads to a Capulet and Tybalt being killed, also Romeos banishment of to Verona. The party scene is the scene when potentially Juliet sees he arranged marriage partner called Paris. She also meets the love of the day, Romeo falls in love with Juliet, and Romeo and Juliet fall in love a very deep love to heavily that they decide to get married in secret without her parents finding out all, all will be ended, as well as taking sacrificing there lives which leads to a terrible disaster at the last scene. Act 1 scene 5 the events that took place, the importance of it all stimulates to all the sorrow yet then Romeo and Juliet were responsible for there actions and there suicide. Act 1 scene 5, Shakespeare contrasts two different themes, the two main themes are called Love and Hate throughout the whole scene. The reason why all this has happened because Shakespeare wants to keep the audience a life, keep them going throughout the play and to be satisfied with the play at the end so thats why Shakespeare adds love and hate in the this particular scene, and also to make it more exiting and dramatic. The part of the scene which there is love is were Romeo kisses and falls straight in love for each other and a quote to prove this is sin from my lipsgive me my sin again and you kiss by the book This part of the play is love and know I will talk about hate were it all changes in a dramatic way to keep us as an audience, interested in the play. A good example of hate in the scene of Shakespeare is when Tybalt is furious to see Romeo at the lord Capulets party. A brilliant quote said by tybalt him self is. tis he that, villain Romeo and also I will withdraw but this intrusion shall now be seeming sweet, covert to bitterest gall. How does Shakespeare create sympathy and empathy for the charcters in 'Twelfth Night' Essay like a rich jewel in an ethiops ear. Which means that theres something bright and stands out of dark background. Shes unique and beautiful. Romeo used three images to describe Juliets beauty firstly he said a metaphor o, she doth teach the torches to burn bright. This means that Juliet is much brighter than fire, she teaches touches to burn. Secondly he said so snowy dove trooping with crows. This also means that she stands out of the crowd she stands out from everyone else. Doves are also a symbol of peace. Juliet is a dove and the Capulets are the crows. Shes white and pure. That sums up Romeos soliloquy; this is why he has to say all these wonderful line about Juliet to him self. In the play of Romeo and Juliet, act 1 scene 5 we see the character called Tybalt. In this paragraph I will be talking about his language. Firstly I will discuss his language of sibilance. Tybalt uses a few sibilances Such as come in spite to scorn at our seeming this night, and now seeming sweet. This shows us that Tybalts snake like and very sly and very lethal person. Also he says in his speech a few alliterations; a fine sample from the speech of Tybalt is patience performs. And also I will withdraw. All these alliterations indicate that Tybalt is a vexed, mean person and very self-important. Tybalt also shows his anger by using a lot of hard words starting with D, T, and K. examples of them from the play are Dead, Dares, Tremble, kin, Strike, and Bitter. These hard words also show his temper at this particular scene. Finally Tybalt uses loads of insulting words to Romeo, as he sets eyes on him at the party. He uses words like, villain, Foe (which means enemy), and a Slave. This suggests that he is a bully. Tybalt is trying to show that hes much better than Romeo, Tybalt has more importance. He also wants too take revenge and hateful to himself. All this shows Tybalts language towards the play. Tybalt has one very high tempered character through out the whole play. In act 1 scene 5, is when Romeo and Juliet first meet and its a sonnet, the unusual thing is that they are sharing a sonnet, theres two characters when other whys theres only meant to be one. This shows hat they share each others words they also rhyme and finish each others sentences. Romeo: saints do not move though grant for prayers sake. Juliet: Then move not, while my prayers effect I take The religious words used in there sonnet, we both used by Romeo and Juliet the exacted same religious words. This shows that they are made for each other. The words are as an example, Holy, Pilgrims, Saint, Faith, Sin, and Prayer. The fact that Romeo and Juliet share a sonnet suggests that they are mentally and spiritually bonded and born to love each other. In the play Romeo and Juliet, in a certain scene of the play of Act 1 Scene 5 is a dramatic and exiting play to watch. The reason is that Shakespeare has used love and hate in the scene when at one part they love each other and than suddenly it changes back to hate gain. Another reason is that he used a dramatic part which leads to some character being killed and hurt, like Tybalt and Mercutio were killed. The last reason is that Shakespeare has added the terms of Marriage, Religion, Fate and hospitality. Why did he add these things into his play? He added them because the time when he was around all these things were very important, but know time has moved on.

Paraeducator Role in the Inclusive Classroom free essay sample

Therefore, para may be considered to be an essential component of free appropriate education (FAPE) which every student with disabilities is entitled to receive (Etscheidt, 2005). Over the past decade, the use of paraeducators has increased as the number of students with severe disabilities who have been included in general education classes has risen. Many teachers see the paraeducator as essential support required for the student to experience successful inclusion (Giangreco, 2003; Giangreco Doyle, 2002). Paraeducators are referred to in many ways: one-on-one, paraprofessional, additional adult assistant (AAA), teacher’s assistant, paraeducator, aide, individual assistant. Regardless of title, these individuals have become an important part of our schools (Giangreco, Edelman Broar, 2001), helping the classroom teachers and providing more individual assistance to students. For the purpose of this paper, the term para will be used. Students with disabilities who are included in general education classes continue to receive special education instruction from a special education teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Paraeducator Role in the Inclusive Classroom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, now the special education teacher no longer spends time with the student every day of every week. It is now the general education teacher who spends most of the day with the student, along with 20-30 other students in the class. The general education teacher often has little if any special education training and therefore, paraeducators often spend most of their day with the student, and therefore, is often viewed as the person responsible for the student’s success and failures. There have been many inconsistencies as to the nature of the role, duties and responsibilities of paraeducators (Etscheidt, 2005) in the inclusive class. This paper will address the confusion surrounding what the paraeducator’s role should be in an inclusive classroom, as addressed by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and as perceived by professionals and parents who support students with disabilities. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and the Paraeducator In 1982, in Hendrick Hudson District Board of Education v. Rowley, the Supreme Court defined appropriate education as providing students with disabilities with â€Å"access to specialized instruction and related services which are individually designed to provide educational benefit† (p. 3048). As the years progressed, the definition was expanded and describes educational benefit as being not only academic but also including non-academic benefit such as socialization and self-esteem issues (Etscheidt, 2005). Both IDEA 1997 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) 2004 discuss the role of the paraeducator in a very general, non-specific manner. Under personnel standards, IDEA 1997 states: â€Å"Allow paraprofessionals and assistants who are appropriately trained and supervised, in accordance with State law, regulations, or written policy, in meeting the requirements of this part to be used to assist in the provision of special education and related services to children with disabilities under this part†. 20 U. S. C. 1412(a)(15)(B)(iii) (Giangreco Doyle, 2002) It then continues and specifies: â€Å"persons who work directly under the supervision of licensed professionals and who often deliver instructional and direct services to students and their parents† (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004, p. 232). The roles of the para described in the law vary somewhat and only state that they should assist in providing all services, and that they should be tra ined and supervised by qualified professionals (Giangreco, 2003) IDEIA 004 does not define the paraeducator’s role clearly either. It describes the role as â€Å"assisting in the provision of special education and related services†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. [[Page 118-119 STAT. 2686]] although IDIEA 2004 continues and states that among other things, the education system should also include : (8) A comprehensive system of personnel development, including the training of paraprofessionals and the training of primary referral sources with respect to the basic components of early intervention services available in the State that— (A) shall include- i) implementing innovative strategies and activities for the recruitment and retention of early education service providers; (ii) promoting the preparation of early intervention providers who are fully and appropriately qualified† (IDEIA ’04) These definitions raise a number of questions, such as who do they ass ist students or the personnel? It seems that there are no boundaries in the law explaining what paraeducators can do. Many students with severe disabilities also have health-care needs. Does this also fall within the domain of the paraeducator’s responsibility? We can often find (write formally 3rd person – not 1st) paraeducators fulfilling various roles which may include: clerical tasks – copying, cutting out, prepping materials; instructional tasks – tutoring, helping with assignments, following-up instruction; personal care tasks; teaching social skills; facilitate peer interactions; managing student’s behavior, etc. (GIANGRECO, YUAN, MCKENZIE, CAMERON FIALKA, 2005 ). What is the Role of the Paraeducator? add more of your self, what do I know, and then support it with references) Paraeducators, teachers, and administrative personnel agree that the teachers carry the responsibility for instruction and academic planning General education teachers, parents, administrative personnel and even paraeducators have different views as to what the paraeducator’s role should include in the inclusive classroom. Paraeducators’ Views Paraeducators are often the main support for students with disabilities in an inclusive classroom, working under the supervision of the classroom teacher, and sometimes also helping others in the classroom (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004). In a study conducted by Marks, et al. 999, four main reasons were given by paraeducators as to why they feel that they are needed in the general education classrooms: (1) To make sure the student is not a burden on the teacher – some paraeducator felt that their performance is judged on the basis of how much they can help the teachers, how successful they are in keeping the student out of the teacher’s way, thereby making sure that he/she is not a burden on the teacher, and making sure that the student’s behavior i s under control so that they do not cause a disturbance in the class. 2) To meet the student’s academic needs – the role of many paraeducators seems to take the form of a tutor, of taking responsibility for modifications. Many have said that it is easier to prepare the materials themselves rather than keep after the teachers to prepare them. (3) To serve as a channel for communication between the staff of the school, the student, additional supports and their family – Many paraeducators reported that since they were the one person who was with the student all day, teachers and parents would often pass messages to each other through the paraeducator. This is despite the fact that paraeducators are not responsible for updating the parents or other professionals about the student (GESSLER WERTS, ET AL. , 2004). Almost 1 out of every 4 paraeducators reported that they were in charge of transmitting information to parents (French, 2001), and many of the paraeducators find that they are the principal contact between students with disabilities and their peers and teachers in inclusive settings, as well as being the main adult with which the students with disabilities come in contact with (Young Simpson, 1997 ). 4) To represent successful inclusion – paraeducators often find themselves with the sentiment that they have to advocate inclusion and to defend their students and their placement in general education. Many paraeducators reported that they assume the role of being responsible for the academic and behavioral needs of students with disabilities in a general education setting simply in order to make sure that both the teach ers and students have a positive experience (Etscheidt, 2005). While all paraeducators are in agreement that their support is essential for providing access to the curriculum for many students while helping the teacher (Giangreco, 2003), many of them reported that they are often confused about what the general education teachers expect from them (Wadsworth Knight, 1996). This feeling is especially prevalent in middle and high school, where students have different teachers for different subjects. The literature shows that paraeducators often assume a variety of roles: academic and social skills instruction; modifications; managing the student’s behavior; developing working relationships with others (Marks, et al. 1999) (Young Simpson, 1997 ) (Giangreco Doyle, 2002) (Etscheidt, 2005); providing individual/personal attention, taking exclusive responsibility for them; lunchroom, bus and playground (unstructured activities) supervision (FRENCH, 2001); Paraeducators are also responsible for students’ safety.

Western Movie Stagecoach and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly

Western Movie Stagecoach and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Introduction Western movies are a genre of the film production in America. They mostly capture the unrefined America between its civilization and traditions. They are filmed on basis of war, discovery, personal journeys and romance. They are the oldest and most flexible genre of films (Howard, 1996).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western Movie: Stagecoach and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Evolution of the western movies over time The early 20th century films: Stagecoach The film ‘Stagecoach’ is an American Western movie produced in 1939. It was directed by John Ford while the screenplay was written by Dudley Nicholas and Ben Hecht. The screenplay was written based on a short story called ‘The Stage to Lordsburg’ by Ernest Haycox. The Ford Corporation bought the story’s rights soon after it was published in a magazine. The short story has been famili arized with another short story titled â€Å"The Outcasts of Poker Flat† authored by Bret Harte in 1892 (Howard 4). The movie was made at a time when the current popular culture and genre was the major source of motivation and influence on movie production. Ford had in the earlier 1900s made many Western movies that had not made it big. This prompted him to move on to other genres where he worked for over a decade, only for him to return to the Western movies with a new movie, Stagecoach. By then, Western Movies were commonly known as talkies or talking pictures and had stopped selling with audiences finding them irrelevant. Given that, Ford found it hard to get a producer to work on Stagecoach, because they claimed that Western had now become low budget, and were even more unwilling because Ford was going to use an unpopular person as a major cast (Howard 9). One producer however eventually agreed to fund The Stagecoach film that has come to be referred as the film that brou ght a comeback for the American Western films and where actors were finally blended with the genre. The film is simple in all its aspects and formal. The movie lacks clarity on main characters and instead equal attention is given to all the casts. This is attributed to Ford’s intention to equalize the society in some way at a time when there was a nationwide financial crisis that the government was trying to put under control (Howard 11). He has presented the prostitute with a big heart and the wayward escapee from jail that reformed to a good man.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand the people viewed as good from the society’s perspective like the alcoholic doctor and the banker who is a thief are exposed. Ford just like the movies of its age would command has represented a typical community in his cast of the Stagecoach film. The movie is i n black and white where he has adapted some real-life thrilling and dangerous scenes perhaps because technology in film making was still budding. The sequence of the story and the characters unfold almost immediately and most of the actors overact, perhaps because overacting was the trend at that time. While Dallas was a prostitute it has only been insinuated, as times would not allow for her to out rightly be referred to as so. People were conserved then and anything that came across as vulgar or obscene was unacceptable (Howard 13). The Stagecoach movie has been referred to as the most influential Western movie and has been preserved by the United States. More credit is due to Ford for having taken the first picture of Uttah with the grey skyline and unpaved roads at the border of Arizona. Post World war Movies: The High Noon High Noon is an American Western film that was directed by Fred Zinnemann in 1952 with Foreman as the scriptwriter (Roberts 5). The film has a simple plot wi th a twist of turns here and there. Essentially, it tells the story of a Marshall who resolves to face a convict he had earlier brought to book when he returns to town to revenge by killing him. The story takes the audience through a prolonged storyline that lacks content. This is well depicted when the Marshall goes all around the town asking the local people to help him face their enemy, even in the church that takes a big chunk of time of the movie. Most of them are unwilling to help, with others even wishing him dead. One man however supports his idea but is too old and advises him to flee. Most of his other friends even desert him perhaps because of the fear of the non communist rules that were there at that time in America (Roberts 12). One of Foreman’s comrade pointed out that there were similarities between his outline and the short story The Tin Star authored by John W. Cunningham which prompted Foreman to buy the rights to the story so that he would proceed to make the film. Unlike Stagecoach, Highnoon screenplay intertwines several stories with an emergence of the good and the bad theme. More money has also been invested in it but so are the profits higher (Roberts 7). By this time, the movie production industry is seen to have evolved from simplistic backgrounds like a representation of a community to more real-time issues like politics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western Movie: Stagecoach and The Good, The Bad and The Ugly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the script writer, the story represents aggression in America that is told in the movie at the most appropriate time. This is true given the movie was produced during the Korean War and this would land the director on the wrong side of the law which would lead to his blacklisting. The film inclines more into a moral agenda and the audience can actually feel the fear and tension with the characters. Above that the audience is able to link their social beliefs or lack of them to the movie. For example, the Soviet Union claimed that the film upholds individuality while others said there was nothing Western about it. The movie lacks a good build up that culminates to a rather confused ending. It has too much flare but nothing comes out of it, as the action packed story does not deserve such a low tone ending (Roberts 4). Late 20th century films: The Good, the bad and the ugly The Good, the Bad and the Ugly is a Western epic that was shot in 1966 and directed by Sergio Leone. Since its origin was Spanish and Italian, critics began to refer to it as the epic Spaghetti Western as a way of demeaning the crew (Thompson 23). It is a story about a stolen cashbox containing $200,000 in gold that sends two criminals and one stranger searching. Their search is not a smooth road given the gunfights, people being hanged, and the camps in the midst of the American Civil War. It is a more realistic film that still has the morality theme but now in a more practical way. The story is built upon the concept Leone wanted to depict that is the severity of war and that it is not necessary in the first place. He says that in war, only the bad things are told while the good ones are tacked away. This is clearly shown in the movie, that evil pays but only in the short run, while doing good does not always pay. The movie has numerous casts some who are supporting cast, while most are extras. The Spanish government supported them even giving their own army, but this was simply because their work was Western and not Spaniard. Either way we begin to see the government contributing positively to film production. In the film, the cinematographer paid more attention to lighting, and Leone brought in music that characterized the mood of various scenes and episodes. The film is also dramatic where it needs to be and more time was spent in writing and shooting it than in the Stagecoach and Highnoon. Whil e the film was a success, the crew worked very hard to make it a success while the cast risked their lives numerous times because even explosives were used. The other great limitation of the film was the poor synchronization due to use of synchronized sound. The level of English is also poor, with some critics saying the director new very little English himself and that he concentrated more on action than dialogue.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason why Leone recorded all the dialogue after acting is not clear. The making of this film brought a new beginning to Western filming. With this movie, we could say that it was a ground breaking achievement where life was completely engraved in movie production. While the movie is fairly long it is detailed and brings out the essence of suspense. The director is able to unmask the real personalities of the cast in a twisted and unpredictable manner which brings the message closer home that people are not what you see. The movie is able to interact with the audience through emotions and associate with a world that is not familiar. Perhaps because of the time setting, the movie has been rated as adult material. This movie brought an era where movies would be classified as adult content depending on the scenes and script. It involves scenes of killing and swearing, something that would not have been acceptable to earlier societies. Immorality like greed, prostitution and jealous y is put more open. The film seems to lean on the notion that denouncing evil over good is more of a cowardice act than a noble one. The movie would form a basis for all the epics that came. It has been referred as the best directed film of the last century and the greatest achievement in the history of cinema. Evidence of Historical consistency in the evolution of western movies From the review of the three movies, Western movies are based on underlying as well as emerging issues in the western world. For example war, romance and personal journeys with form an integral part of the Western films. Their context is also drawn from ancient and tradition themes like epic. These include train and horse journeys, railway development and transport, human conflict and war. Indeed the Western movies tell a story of the West and how far they have come. It is also a way of expression for the people and gives them a sense of belonging and pride. The making of Western movies is influenced by the social factors and market demands. All Western movies breakthroughs have been made possible in extreme adversity. While Western movies have been associated with America for a long time, that is not entirely true. The Good the Bad and the Ugly is based on a European culture. While the Western movies are associated with war, conflict and non-communism, the Stagecoach defies it. It is more communal, with people willing to help one another, and the real personalities behind people unmasked. Conclusion An analysis of the three films provides an insight into the evolution of the western films. In particular, it indicates high degree of western culture. One of the main aspects of this culture is the tendency to reflect on the current issues, especially the issues facing the western world. The culture seems to concentrate on political, social, economic and cultural issues facing the western societies at a given time. War is evidently one of the main issues that American film culture has us ed to portray the popular culture. America’s involvement in various wars in other parts of the world is evidently reflected in films. For instance, the Vietnam War has been one of the major topics reflected in movies. Evidently, the films mostly capture the unrefined America between its civilization and traditions. They are filmed on basis of war, discovery, personal journeys and romance. They are the oldest and most flexible genre of films (Howard, 1996). Howard, Hughes. Stagecoach to Tombstone. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1996. Print. Roberts, Nova. Highnoon. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1997. Print. Thompson, William. The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. New York: Chapman, 2000. Print.